This report which was prepared by BCS Incorporated, provides detailed appendices, data and descriptions of the aluminum production processes to compare current energy usage levels with theoretical minimum requirements. It shows that the aluminum industry is using more than three times the theoretical minimum energy requirement, demonstrating that there is much room for improvement.

Source: W. T. Choate and J. A. S. Green. "U.S. Energy Requirements for Aluminum Production: Historical Perspective, Theoretical Limits and New Opportunities." BCS, Incorporated. Columbia: MD. For U. S. Department of Energy. February 2003.
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