Figure 16. The forming-limit curve for a material with n = 0.20 with contours of equivalent strains of 0.20 and 0.231. Local necking in plane strain occurs when e1 = n = 0.20 which corresponds to , while the tensile test gives information up to an equivalent strain of only 0.2.
 

Figure 16

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This figure is a component of the on-line article "Sheet Metal Forming: A Review", which appears in the November 1999 Issue of JOM.